National Youth Leadership Training - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. National Youth Leadership Training (NYLT) is the current incarnation of youth leadership development training offered by the Boy Scouts of America (BSA). The program is conducted at the council level over a week or over two weekends. It is intended to provide standardized, in- depth training covering a number of leadership ideas and skills for Boy Scouts, Varsity Scouts and Venturers. This training is an element of the overall leadership training program. In 2. 01. 0, the National Council merged training for Venturing and Boy Scouting youth leaders. The revised program is open to both boys and girls. Overview. The Senior Patrol Leader (SPL) runs course meetings and events, chairs meetings of the patrol leaders' meeting, delegates duties to other youth staff, assists the Scoutmaster, models the learning and leadership skills, and recruits participants. Troop Guides coach each day's patrol leaders and present selected sessions and activities. They are grouped into teams of no more than eight. A staff member, designated as a Team Guide, is assigned to each team to coach and mentor the team leader. NYLT courses are conducted at local council resident camps which provide the necessary facilities for a week- long course. BSA Supply catalog; Patrol Leader - S1. As a patrol leader, you are a member of the patrol leaders' council, and you serve as the voice of your patrol members. You should present the ideas. Your Duties as Patrol Leader. See All Boy Scout Patrol Patches. To be considered for official uniform wear, a patrol patch must be on a khaki background. Adult Leader Boy Scout Patrol Patches; Animal Patrol Patches. National Youth Leadership Training (NYLT) is the current incarnation of youth leadership development training offered by the Boy Scouts of America (BSA). The program is conducted at the council level over a week or over two. Senior Patrol Leader General Information Description: The Senior Patrol Leader is elected by the Scouts to represent them as the top junior leader in the Troop. By accepting the position of Senior Patrol Leader, you. Troop Positions of Responsibility The following leadership positions count toward Boy Scout advancement. For more information, see the Senior Patrol Leader Handbook (#32501) and Patrol Leader Handbook (#32502A). General Boy Scout Uniforming. Council Shoulder Patch (CSP) emblem: Each of the BSA's local Councils. Vintage BSA 1934-1942 PATROL LEADER patch, Type P3, Tan Cloth, Crimped $19.50 Camp Freedom (Germany) 1998 Camp Improvement Leader Pocket Patch TAC BSA $22.00 BSA position patch ASST WEBELOS DEN LEADER trained FLAW $21.99 Set. Courses can range in size from 2. Scouts, generally forming one to four courses, with two to six teams in each. The content learned at any NYLT course is outlined in the national syllabus. Its origins as a program that teaches leadership skills originated on the Presidio of Monterey at the Army Language School in California. Until the early 1. Scoutcraft skills and teaching the Patrol Method. In 1. 95. 8 he was Training Chairman of the Monterey Bay Area Council and a Hungarian language instructor at the Army Language School on the Monterey Peninsula. That summer he organized an experimental patrol to teach boys leadership skills at the Monterey Bay Area Council's Camp Pico Blanco. Banathy had attended the 4th World Scout Jamboree as a Scout in 1. White Stag, a legendary symbol of the Magyar People was featured. He named his experimental camp the White Stag program in 1. Youth must meet standards set for the specific course - generally age, rank, and leadership requirements. The youth staff is trained in presenting, coaching, and mentoring, enabling them to conduct the program. Participants are given handouts containing the information presented on the DVD. The content allows participants to practice their skills. For example, during the Communicating Well I session, the participants practice reciting the alphabet using the skills they just learned. Effective Teaching, which was adapted from the White Stag program. Each skill is Explained and Demonstrated, then the learner is Guided through its application, finally the learner is Enabled through repeated use of the skills in challenging activities. The program is usually presented by individual Scout councils in a week- long program, although it can be split over two weekends. Courses contain from 4. Scouts, forming from one to four troops, with six to twelve patrols in each. The program is presented by youth leaders under adult supervision. The senior youth leader (or Senior Patrol Leader) is responsible for supervising program instruction. Youth staff who oversee patrols are designated as Troop Guides. They have direct responsibility for the sessions, although other youth leaders may conduct some presentations. The participants are grouped into small teams of 6. A youth staff member is assigned to each team as a guide or coach to the patrol leader. They use the patrol method during the course and rotate leadership positions between individuals. They are provided structured experiences that allow them to apply what they learned. Right, Trivial. Communication: Ma. Se. R . The course provides activities that give participants a chance to practice what they learned. For example, on the third day, there is a series of round- robin games and events that encourage teamwork, planning, and problem- solving. Youth experience. The program includes team games and other activities that give participants a chance to apply their new skills. Teams compete against each other, including a lashing competition and a geocache game. They learn about why it is important to put others' needs first if you want to be an effective leader. They are given opportunities to apply the Scout Oath and Law to make hard decisions and how to remain true to Scouting's values. To keep the program fresh, the Boy Scouts require that half the youth staff should be new to the youth staff. The objectives for staff development include setting the tone of the course, prepare the staff to conduct the course, give them an . The program achieves consistency primarily by presenting content through using slides, videos, projectors, and computers. While they are permitted to use a local name for the course, as has been the tradition in many councils, they must be sure that the full name National Youth Leadership Training is also used within the course name. Councils are also permitted to add local traditions, but may not alter either the content of the presentations nor the order in which they are presented. The Northern Star Council still calls their program . This is the latest in a long line of name changes for the junior leadership training program. Language in the NYLT program was modified to reflect participation of both male and female participants. A new introductory- level course, Introduction to Leadership Skills for Troops, replaces Troop Leadership Training for the Boy Scouts. In Venturing, Introduction to Leadership Skills for Crews was added for the same purpose within Venturing crews. The two programs are intended to help youth in leadership positions within their units to learn about their responsibilities and to . ILST is the new prerequisite for Boy Scouts who want to attend National Youth Leadership Training and National Advanced Youth Leadership Experience. The electronic equipment sometimes also requires the presentations to be made to the entire course, unless duplicate equipment is available, contravening the use of the Patrol Method intrinsic to Scouting. The Course Director is now known as the Scoutmaster, the youth in charge is now the Senior Patrol Leader, and the youth member associated with each patrol is known as the Troop Guide, as would happen for a new Scout patrol in a normal troop. This change is reflected in the syllabus for 2. References. Irving, Texas: Boy Scouts of America. Cite error: Invalid < ref> tag; name . Irving, Texas: Boy Scouts of America. Irving, Texas: Boy Scouts of America. Irving, Texas: Boy Scouts of America. Occoneechee Council, Boy Scouts of America. Archived from the original on September 1. Retrieved November 6, 2. White Stag Leadership Development Academy. Retrieved November 9, 2. North Brunswick, New Jersey: Boy Scouts of America. New Brunswick, New Jersey. Retrieved September 3, 2. Retrieved 2. 0 August 2. Retrieved 2. 0 August 2. Retrieved 2. 0 August 2. Irving, Texas: Boy Scouts of America. Cite error: Invalid < ref> tag; name . Louis, MO: Greater St. Louis Area Council, Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved 2. 0 August 2. Monmouth Council, Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved November 8, 2. Irving, Texas: Boy Scouts of America. Cite error: Invalid < ref> tag; name . Irving, Texas: Boy Scouts of America. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Boy Scouts of America. Junior Leadership Training Conference Staff Guide. Boy Scouts Of America. Resources for Leadership, Sourcebook for Managers of Learning. Retrieved October 2, 2. White Stag Leadership Development. Retrieved October 2, 2. Irving, Texas: Boy Scouts of America. Scouting Service Project. Retrieved July 2. Great Trail Council, BSA. Retrieved October 1. Pine Tree Council, BSA. Retrieved October 1. Retrieved October 1. Blue Ridge Mountains Council. Retrieved October 1. Rip Van Winkle Council. Retrieved November 1. Supplemental Training Modules. Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved November 2. Irving, Texas: Boy Scouts of America. Supplemental Training Modules. Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved January 5, 2. Irving, Texas: Boy Scouts of America. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 8. Northern Star Council. Retrieved November 9, 2. Mecklenburg County Council. Retrieved November 9, 2. Transatlantic Council. Retrieved November 1. Utah National Parks Council. Retrieved November 1. San Francisco Bay Area Council. Retrieved November 9, 2. Boy Scouts of America. Irving, Texas: Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved November 1, 2. Irving, Texas: Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved November 1, 2. Retrieved November 1, 2. Archived from the original on January 1. Retrieved July 3. Archived from the original on January 1. Retrieved July 3. Archived from the original on August 2. Retrieved July 3. Retrieved November 9, 2. Retrieved July 3.
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Take one small- block Chevy and select the most cost- effective components in order to achieve our seemingly conflicting goal of power and economy. On the power side, we selected 4. Building a 3. 50 to produce 4. In this case, chump change meant building our small- block with a ceiling of just $1,0. Given the fact that $1,0. Now let's throw in the fact that the $1,0. Have we lost our minds? Chevy SBC 350 57L HP RV 480 480 Cam CAMSHAFT LIFTERS DBL ROLLER TIMING $145.99 Time Remaining: 25d 6h 24m: Buy It Now for only: $145.99. CHEVY SBC 350 57L HP RV STAGE. How to install an oil pump. Oil Pan Gasket Replacement,Oil Pump Inlet Tube O Ring Replacement 2000 Chevy Tahoe 5.3 - Duration: 14:47. Some wheeling and dealing allowed us to score a TPI 3. TPI induction and accessories for the paltry sum of $2. Naturally, the 4. Remember we said that it might be necessary to trade cost for some elbow grease? 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In most cases (like ours), the cost of the motor included everything from the air cleaner assembly down to the oil pan and from the fan to flex plate- including things like motor mounts, starter, and all of the accessories, though none of these would be run on the engine dyno. After checking out the major components, it is time to look specifically at the engine to ascertain its health and viability as a candidate for your project. Check the coolant, oil, and spark plugs. The oil and coolant have likely been drained, but check inside the radiator cap or even in one of the radiator hoses for signs of antifreeze. Fresh antifreeze is a good sign, a rusty radiator or thermostat housing is not. If the oil has been drained, smell the dipstick- does is smell like burnt oil? Even go to the trouble of removing the drain plug on the oil pan. Does the residual oil resemble sludge or is it clean? Don't confuse high mileage for abuse, as dark oil can mean that the motor simply needed an oil change and not a bearing change. Don't be afraid to yank a valve cover to verify the condition of the engine, as going to all the trouble of pulling a V- 8 only to find out that it is a junker is huge waste of time and energy. The exhaust flow was equally impressive with nearly 1. Check the spark plugs for signs that the engine was burning oil. Avoid engines with oil- contaminated plugs, but don't assume fresh plugs are the ultimate sign of a well- preserved motor.
If the oil and plugs pass inspection, try spinning the motor over with a ratchet on the crank pulley. If it spins freely with no binding, chances are the bearings are in good shape. If you are allowed to bring a battery in to crank the motor over, by all means perform a compression check. With tool chest in hand, we headed off to the wrecking yard in anticipation of pulling a small- block. Our trip was very successful, since we spent the majority of our time negotiating with the owner rather than knee- deep in used oil and tranny fluid performing an engine removal. This particular wrecking yard had a few engines already pulled and awaiting new homes. We happened to come on $2. Tuesday, which meant that any complete motor was available for just $2. As luck would have it, this even applied to the ones previously pulled sitting in impound. Though there appeared to be one or two good carbureted candidates, what caught our eye was a pair of complete TPI motors, one iron headed and the other equipped with aluminum heads. Not surprisingly, these were set aside and were not available for the $2. A discussion with the owner revealed that the aluminum headed motor was indeed an L9. Corvette (circa 1. IROC Camaro. The owner wanted $7. L9. 8, but only $4. TPI (both well out of our price range). The Pro Comp heads were available with a 6. The last thing we wanted to do was drop compression with a set of big- chamber heads. Upon inspection, we discovered that the iron- headed small block was actually a 5. L (3. 50). We never mentioned that to the owner, but instead offered him $2. TPI system, which was not useful for our needs. Not only did we get him to finally agree, but we got him to throw in used Holley 4- barrel carb (in need of a rebuild). Sweet! 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These flow numbers offered by Pro Comp can be increased significantly through CNC porting for another $4. Best of all, the 1. Bay. We got ours for $5. The one potential downside to running the Pro Comp heads was the need for a different pushrod, which further increased our budget. A set of new 7. 4- inch pushrods set us back just $2. It was an unnecessary expense to step up to the hardened (chrome moly) pushrods, since we planned to employ the stock guided rockers (eliminating the need for guide plates). Since our late- model block featured a hydraulic roller cam, we simply reused the stock roller lifters. For induction chores, we went to the guys at Professional Products for a single- plane Hurricane manifold. These intakes can be had for as little as $1. Bay. Having personally run the dyno testing, we can vouch for their performance. After heads and intake, it was time for the camshaft. Obviously the stock TPI cam was not going to let our motor make anywhere near 4. 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The Best Mac Spam Filters to Use 2. Top Windows Spam Filters 3. Top Free Spam Filters for Windows 4. SpamBayes - Free Spam. Best Free Spam Filter for the Average User. If you find no joy with any of these or seek advanced features then have a look at software mentioned in our Best Free Spam. The Best Products for Home Use; Spam. Protect your business with industry-leading anti-spam software. Learn how Symantec’s spam prevention tool filters spam email and safeguards intellectual property. Anti- spam techniques - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Various anti- spam techniques are used to prevent email spam (unsolicited bulk email). No technique is a complete solution to the spam problem, and each has trade- offs between incorrectly rejecting legitimate email (false positives) vs. Trying to balance false negatives (missed spams) vs false positives (rejecting good email) is critical for a successful anti- spam system. Some systems let individual users have some control over this balance by setting . Most techniques have both kinds of serious errors, to varying degrees. So, for example, anti- spam systems may use techniques that have a high false negative rate (miss a lot of spam), in order to reduce the number of false positives (rejecting good email). Detecting spam based on the content of the email, either by detecting keywords such as . Content based statistical means or detecting keywords can be very accurate when they are correctly tuned to the types of legitimate email that an individual gets, but they can also make mistakes such as detecting the keyword . Spam originators frequently seek to defeat such measures by employing typographical techniques such as replacing letters with accented variants or alternative characters which appear identical to the intended characters but are internally distinct (e. Roman 'A' with a Cyrillic 'A'), or inserting other characters such as whitespace, nonprinting characters, or bullets into a term to block pattern matching. This introduces an arms race which demands increasingly complex keyword- detection methods. The content also doesn't determine whether the email was either unsolicited or bulk, the two key features of spam. So, if a friend sends you a joke that mentions . Non- content base statistical means can help lower false positives because it looks at statistical means vs. Therefore, you will be able to receive a joke that mentions . An effective spamtrap is not announced and is only found by dictionary attacks or by pulling addresses off hidden webpages. For a spamtrap to remain effective the address must never be given to anyone. Some black lists, such as spamcop, use spamtraps to catch spammers and blacklist them. Enforcing technical requirements of the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) can be used to block mail coming from systems that are not compliant with the RFC standards. A lot of spammers use poorly written software or are unable to comply with the standards because they do not have legitimate control of the computer sending spam (zombie computer). So by setting restrictions on the mail transfer agent (MTA) a mail administrator can reduce spam significantly, such as by enforcing the correct fall back of Mail e. Xchange (MX) records in the Domain Name System, or the correct handling of delays (Teergrube). End- user techniques. Similarly, when forwarding messages to a number of recipients who don't know one another, recipient addresses can be put in the . A related technique is to display all or part of the email address as an image, or as jumbled text with the order of characters restored using CSS. Avoid responding to spam. Similarly, many spam messages contain web links or addresses which the user is directed to follow to be removed from the spammer's mailing list . In any case, sender addresses are often forged in spam messages, so that responding to spam may result in failed deliveries . Such forms, however, are sometimes inconvenient to users, as they are not able to use their preferred email client, risk entering a faulty reply address, and are typically not notified about delivery problems. Further, contact forms have the drawback that they require a website with the appropriate technology. Disable HTML in email. It may however be useful to avoid some problems if a user opens a spam message: offensive images, being tracked by web bugs, being targeted by Java. Script or attacks upon security vulnerabilities in the HTML renderer. Mail clients which do not automatically download and display HTML, images or attachments, have fewer risks, as do clients who have been configured to not display these by default. Disposable email addresses. One way to mitigate the risk is to provide a disposable email address . A number of services provide disposable address forwarding. Addresses can be manually disabled, can expire after a given time interval, or can expire after a certain number of messages have been forwarded. Disposable email addresses can be used by users to track whether a site owner has disclosed an address, or had a security breach. Typically the email address and ham password would be described on a web page, and the ham password would be included in the subject line of an email message (or appended to the . Ham passwords are often combined with filtering systems which let through only those messages that have identified themselves as . Historically, reporting spam in this way has not played a large part in abating spam, since the spammers simply move their operation to another URL, ISP or network of IP addresses. In many countries consumers may also forward unwanted and deceptive commercial email to the authorities, e. In general these attempt to reject (or . If they do accept a message, they will typically then analyze the content further . Many of these systems use the DNS to list sites authorized to send email on their behalf spam. While not directly attacking spam, these systems make it much harder for spammers to spoof addresses. Challenge/response systems. These strategies are termed challenge/response systems or C/R. Some view their use as being as bad as spam since they place the burden of spam fighting on legitimate email senders. A new implementation of this is done in Channel email. Checksum- based filtering. Checksum- based filters strip out everything that might vary between messages, reduce what remains to a checksum, and look that checksum up in a database which collects the checksums of messages that email recipients consider to be spam (some people have a button on their email client which they can click to nominate a message as being spam); if the checksum is in the database, the message is likely to be spam. The advantage of this type of filtering is that it lets ordinary users help identify spam, and not just administrators, thus vastly increasing the pool of spam fighters. The disadvantage is that spammers can insert unique invisible gibberish. This leads to an arms race between the developers of the checksum software and the developers of the spam- generating software. Checksum based filtering methods include: Country- based filtering. Therefore, they use country- based filtering . This technique is based on country of origin determined by the sender's IP address rather than any trait of the sender. DNS- based blacklists. A site publishes lists (typically of IP addresses) via the DNS, in such a way that mail servers can easily be set to reject mail from those sources. There are scores of DNSBLs, each of which reflects different policies: some list sites known to emit spam; others list open mail relays or proxies; others list ISPs known to support spam. Other DNS- based anti- spam systems list known good (. So a popular technique since the early 2. URLs from messages and look them up in databases such as Spamhaus' Domain Block List (DBL), SURBL, URIBL. A lot of spammers use poorly written software or are unable to comply with the standards because they do not have legitimate control of the computer they are using to send spam (zombie computer). By setting tighter limits on the deviation from RFC standards that the MTA will accept, a mail administrator can reduce spam significantly, but all these techniques also run the risk of rejecting mail from older or poorly written or configured servers. Greeting delay . A deliberate pause can be introduced by receiving servers to allow them to detect and deny any spam- sending applications that do not wait to receive this banner. Temporary rejection . Greylisting temporarily rejects all messages from unknown senders or mail servers . The downside of greylisting is that all legitimate messages from first- time senders will experience a delay in delivery. There is also the possibility that some legitimate messages won't be delivered, if a poorly configured or designed (but legitimate) mail server interprets the temporary rejection as a permanent rejection and sends a bounce message to the original sender, instead of following the correct retry process. HELO/EHLO checking . However, if the verification fails, the server MUST NOT refuse to accept a message on that basis. For example, if an email is sent with a CC: header, several SMTP . The SMTP protocol, however, requires that errors be checked and everything is synchronized at certain points. Many spammers will send everything in a single packet since they do not care about errors and it is more efficient. Some MTAs will detect this invalid pipelining and reject email sent this way. Nolisting . The nolisting technique is simply the adding of an MX record pointing to a non- existent server as the . Many spam sources don't retry on failure, so the spammer will move on to the next victim . Many spammers skip this step because their spam has already been sent and taking the time to properly close the connection takes time and bandwidth. Some MTAs are capable of detecting whether or not the connection is closed correctly and use this as a measure of how trustworthy the other system is. Honeypots. Spammers who probe systems for open relays/proxies will find such a host and attempt to send mail through it, wasting their time and resources and potentially revealing information about themselves and the origin of the spam they're sending to the entity that operates the honeypot. Such a system may simply discard the spam attempts, submit them to DNSBLs, or store them for analysis. Hybrid filtering. Each message is scanned for these patterns, and the applicable scores tallied up. One program, called the server blocks waiting for a client to connect to it A client connects The server and the client exchange information until they're done. C language examples of IPv4 and IPv6 raw internet sockets for linux. C Language Examples of IPv4 and IPv6 Raw Sockets for Linux I have recently been investigating raw socket programming in C for linux and I decided to provide a collection of routines I have. Programming Windows TCP Sockets in C++ for the Beginner. There really is not a lot of material on this subject (I believe) that explains the use of Windows sockets sufficiently enough for a beginner to understand and begin to program them. I still remember the hassle that I went through trying to find a proper tutorial that didn't leave me hanging with many questions after I started programming with them myself. Now that I have long since switched to the more powerful C++, I rapidly found that the labor I had expended to code sockets in VB was nothing compared to what awaited! Thankfully, after many hours searching various web pages on the Internet, I was able to collect all the bits and pieces, and finally compile my first telnet program in C++. My goal is to collect all the necessary data in one place; right here, so the reader doesn't have to recollect all the data over the Internet. Thus, I present this tutorial in hopes that it alone will be sufficient information to begin programming. Before we begin, you will need to includewinsock. If this is not possible, use Load. Library() to load ws. In an actual mechanical socket, you may recall that it is the female, or . In order for the threads to be attached to each computer, however, there must be a receiving object that attaches to the threads, and these are called sockets. A socket can be opened on any . A few of these ports have been set aside to serve a specific purpose. Beyond these ports, there are quite a large number of other ports that can be used for anything and everything: over 6,0. A few commonly used ports are listed below with their corresponding services: Port. Service. 7Ping. 13. Time. 15. Netstat. Thread programming examples This chapter gives some full code examples of thread programs. The server program first sets up all the needed socket information. This is the basic setup for most socket servers. The server then enters an endless loop When. You can use network monitoring tools to capture the raw socket datagrams at the target machine to see the effect. The following is a raw socket and tcp program example. BSD C language socket API and socket examples. The YoLinux portal covers topics from desktop to servers and from developers to. Sockets are language and protocol independent and available to 'C', Perl, Python, Ruby and Java (and more) programmers. SSH2. 3Telnet (default)2. SMTP (Send mail)4. Whois (Query information)7. Finger (Query server information)8. HTTP (Web pages)1. POP (Receive mail)1. NNTP5. 13. CLOGIN (Used for IP spoofing)There are many more ports used for specific purposes that are not shown here. Shmop.c: Sample Program to Illustrate shmat() and shmdt() Exercises IPC:Sockets Socket Creation and Naming. Example Socket Programs:socketTypically though, if you wish to use a port that has no specific assigned service, any port from 1,0. Of course, if instead you want to listen in on messages sent to and from service ports, you can do that too. Are you connected to the Internet now? Let's say you are, and you have Internet Explorer or some other web page service running, as well as AOL or some other chat program. On top of that (as if the connection wasn't slow enough already) you're trying to send and receive email. What ports do you think are opened, sending and receiving data? Internet Explorer (etc.) sends and receives data via port 8. AOL and other instant messaging programs usually like to hang out in the higher unassigned ports up in the thousands to be safe from interference. Each chat program varies, as there is no specific . Just like we find out the home address of the people we visit before we get in the car, we have to know the . You can view your IP address by running ipconfig. MSDOS prompt. For the examples shown throughout this tutorial, we will be using what is called the . This address is 1. Whenever you try to make a connection to this IP, the computer loops the request back to you computer and attempts to locate a server on the specified port. That way, you can have the server and client running on the same computer. Once you decide to connect to other remote computers, and you've worked the bugs out of your chat program, you will need to get the unique IP address of each to communicate with them over the Internet. Because we as humans are very capable of forgetting things, and because we couldn't possibly hope to remember a bunch of numbers for every web site we visit, some smart individuals came up the wonderful idea of . Now, we have neat little names like www. IP addresses that are much easier to remember than clunky sets of digits. When you type one of these names in your browser window, the IP address for that domain name is looked up via a . So, I just tell the operator what her name is (and a few other details, but that's not important) and she happily gives me the digits. That's kind of what happens when a request is made for an IP address of any domain name. We have two API that accomplish this task. It's a good idea to make sure and check to see if whoever uses you program types a domain name instead of an IP address, so your program can look up the correct IP address before continuing. Most people, anyway, won't want to remember any IP addresses, so most likely you'll need to translate domain names into IP addresses before you can establish a connection – which requires that the computer must be connected to the Internet. Then, once you have the address, you're all set to connect. This is because Intel computers and network protocols use reversed byte ordering from each other, and we have to covert each port and IP address to network byte order before we send it; else we'll have a big mix up. Port 2. 5, when not reversed, will not end up being port 2. So, we have to make sure we're speaking the same language as the server when we attempt to communicate with it. Thankfully, we don't have to code all the conversion functions manually; as Microsoft kindly provides us with a few API to do this as well. The four functions that are used to change the byte order of an IP or port number are as follows: u! Note that after using inet. An easy way to differentiate between htons() and htonl() is to think of the port number as the shorter number, and the IP as the longer number (which is true – an IP address consists of four sets of up to three digits separated by periods, versus a single port number). Firing Up Winsock. OK, now that we've finally covered the basics, hopefully you are starting to see light at the end of the tunnel and we can move on. Don't worry if you don't understand every aspect of the procedure, for many supplementary facts will be brought to light as we progress. The first step to programming with windows sockets (A. K. A . There are two versions of Winsock; version one is the older, limited version; and version 2 is the latest edition and is therefore the version we prefer to specify.#define SCK. Don't close down Winsock until you are finished, though, as doing so would cancel any connections that your program has initiated or any ports that you are listening on. Initializing a Socket. We understand how sockets work now, hopefully, but up until now we had no idea how to initialize them. The correct parameters must be filled out and passed to a handy API call that begins the socket (hopefully). In this case, we are returned the handle to the socket that we have created. Of course, when it does, all the ties and connections it has will be forcibly shut down, including any sockets, but it's better to shut them down the graceful way with closesocket(). You will need to pass the socket's handle to this API when you call it.#define SOCK. Unless you're doing some special (or odd) work, which is beyond the scope of this report, you should typically just pass AF. This parameter specifies how the computer addresses will be interpreted. There is more than just one type of socket; actually, there are many more. Three of the most common ones include: Raw Sockets, Stream Sockets, and Datagram Sockets. Stream sockets, however, are what we are using in this tutorial, since we are dealing with TCP protocols, so we will specify SOCK! Connecting to a Remote Host (Acting as the Client)Let's try out what we've gone over with a simple program that can connect to a remote computer. Doing this will help you to understand much better how everything works, and helps to prevent information overload! You'll need to fill out information about the remote host that you are connecting to, and then pass a pointer to this structure to the magic function, connect(). This structure and the API are listed below. While I know that doing so will slow you up, I am confident and know from experience that you will learn the process much better that way than if you copy and paste the code.#include< winsock. SOCKET s; bool Connect. To. Host(int Port. No, char* IPAddress). As always, we use a few handy API calls: int PASCAL bind(SOCKET,conststruct sockaddr*,int); int PASCAL listen(SOCKET,int); SOCKET PASCAL accept(SOCKET,struct sockaddr*,int*); When you act as the server, you can receive requests for a connection on the port you are listening on: say, for example, a remote computer wants to chat with your computer, it will first ask your server whether or not it wants to establish a connection. In order for a connection to be made, your server must accept() the connection request. Finally, both computers are connected and can exchange data. Although the listen() function is the easiest way to listen on a port and act as the server, it is not the most desirable. You will quickly find out when you attempt it that your program will freeze until an incoming connection is made, because listen() is a . First, if you are familiar with multi- threaded applications (note that we are not talking about TCP threads here), then you can place the server code on a separate thread that, when started, will not freeze the entire program and the efficiency of the parent program will thus not be impeded. This is really more of a pain that it needs to be; as you could just replace the listen() function with . If I've caught your attention with that important- sounding name, you can skip ahead to the next section if you like, but I recommend that you stick with me here and learn the fundamentals. We'll spiff up our code later; but for now, let's focus on the bare essentials. Before you can even think about listening on a port, you must: Initialize Winsock (we discussed this before, remember)Start up a socket and make sure it returns a nonzero value, which signifies success and is the handle to the socket. Fill out the SOCKADDR. Of course, whatever port this socket is attached to is the port that you will be listening on. Ford Remote Key Fob Programming Instructions - How to. How to program a Ford Remote Key Fob brought to you by http: //www. These instructions will work for most Ford vehicles and for the 3 or 4 button version of the remote. We have these ford remotes as well as ford transponder keys available at a fraction of the cost of the dealerships at http: //www. Here are the steps: 1. Door locks will cycle to confirm programming mode. The door locks should cycle to confirm that the remote has programmed. Door locks will cycle again to confirm programming. Locks will again cycle to indicate end of programming mode. 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